Figure 9:

Annotated phylogeny of the sub-tribe Heliconiiti (Nymphalidae, Heliconiinae) showing Heliconius species and species-groups discussed in text. Higher-level relationships are based on Penz (1999), and species-level relationships for Heliconius follow Brower and Egan (1997) modified to include H. hecalesia within the ESS clade as proposed by Brown (1981). Taxa in bold are referenced in text. Asterisk indicates described species from cydno group suggested to arise from cydno x melpomene hybridization. MCS and ESS clades are described and discussed in text.