Review Outline for Quiz 1

- uniformitarianism

biological continuity

Homo sapiens Linnaeus

Carl Linnaeus

Primates

Anthropology

Physical anthropology

Archeology

Linguistics

Cultural anthropology

Culture

anthropological perspective.

"culture"

"a culture."

protoculture

world view

ethnocentrism.

cultural relativity

value system

Biological Continuity

"...the whole evolution of man, in his embryology and in his phylogeny, there are no living forces at work other than those of the rest of organic and inorganic nature" ( Haeckel, 1905; page 879).

Anthropological Perspective

magic

religion

Superstition

Science

scientific method

hypothesis

theory

Method

statistics

research design

Instruments

Statistical significance

. Biological significance

(Exploratory Data Analysis)

(Confirmatory Data Analysis).

theory

experimental replication

research design

Cultural and Historical Antecedents of Science in Europe

Christianity

Mohammedanism

Cultural and Historical Antecedents of Science in Europe

Aristotle (384-322 BC)

ladder of Nature

Persian Empire

Persian King Darius

Marathon in September of 490 BC

Philip II of Macedon (382-336 BC)

Alexander III (356-323 BC

Ptolemy Soter (367-283 BC

Cleopatra VII (69-30 BC

Julius Caesar (100-44 BC)

Hypatia.

Galen of Pergamon (ca. 130-200 AD

Jesus Christ (4 BC-29 AD

Constantine I (280-337 AD)

Mohammed, or Albulqasim Mohammed ibn Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim (570-632 AD

Islamic Empire (850-1200

Battle of Tours

Pope Urban II

Crusades

Temujin (better known as Genghis Khan, "Lord of the Earth")

Marco Polo (1254-1324)

Juan Sebastian de Elcano

Galileo Galilei's (1564-1642)

Andreas Vesalius (1514-1565)

De Humani Corporis Fabrica (1543) and Epitome (1543)

William Harvey (1578-1657

Francis Bacon (1561-1639)

René Descartes (1596-1650)

James Ussher (1581-1656

the date of creation at the year 4004 BC

Noah's great flood in 2501 BC

Dr. John Lightfoot (1828-1889)

9:00 a.m., October 23

Reverend John Ray (1628-1705

species

taxonomic survey

Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778

a binomial system of nomenclature and a hierarchical classification

The System of Nature (1735

tenth edition (1758)

a great chain of being

John Ray - fossils had to be of organic origin

catastrophism

Jean Etienne Guettard (1713-1786) - maps

James Hutton (1726-1797)

uniformitarianism

The Theory of the Earth with Proofs and Illustrations (1795):

"But if the succession of worlds is established in the system of nature, it is vain to look for anything higher in the origin of the earth. The result, therefore of this physical inquiry is that we find no vestige of a beginning - no prospect of an end... Not only are no powers to be employed that are not natural to the globe, no actions to be admitted of except those of which we know the principle and no extraordinary events to be alleged in order to explain a common experience..."

William Smith (1769-1839) - stratigraphy

Superposition

Georges Louis Leclerc Buffon (1707-1788

the earth had been cooling for 74,832 years

cool enough for living things to exist about 40,000 years ago

it would take a total of 168,123 years for a white-hot sphere the size of the earth to become frozen.

Jean Baptiste Pierre de Monet Lamarck (1744-1829)

Philosophie Zoologique (1809) and Natural History of the Invertebrates (1815),

Lamarck (a systematist) arranged the animals in a graduated sequence like stair steps that led from the mammals back through relatively minor modifications to reptiles, fish, invertebrates, and eventually down to the polyps - an evolutionary sequence

Georges Leopold Cuvier (1769-1832)

law of correlation.

catastrophism

"antediluvian (prior to the last flood) humans simply did not exist"

William Buckland

Charles Lyell (1797-1875

The Principles of Geology or the Modern Changes of the Earth and Its Inhabitants (1830):

"No causes whatever from earliest time to the present ever acted but those now acting; and they have never acted with different degrees of energy than that which they now exert."

Edward Lartet (1801-1871),

Pliopithecus.

Dryopithecus.

Sir John Frere (1740-1807

Christian Jürgensen Thompson (1788-1865)

William Buckland (1784-1856),

"Red Lady of Pavaland"

Reverend John McHenery,

Kent's Cavern.

Dr. P.C. Schmerling,

Engis Cave

Jacques Boucher Crêvecoeur de Perthes (1788-1868)

William Pengelly (1812-1894)

Abbeville

Windmill Hill above Brixham harbor

Forbes Quarry on Gibraltar in 1848

Gorilla gorilla gorilla (Savage and Wyman, 1847).

Feldhoffer Grotto near Dusseldorf in the Neander Valley of Germany.

Yohann Karl Fuhlrott

Rudolph Virchow (1821-1902),

Homo neanderthalensis King, 1864.

Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

Alfred Russell Wallace (1823-1913

Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)

Darwin's journal, The Voyage of the Beagle (1839)

"I happened to read for amusement Malthus' On Populations and being well prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence which everywhere goes on from long-continued observation of the habits of animals and plants, it at once struck me that under these circumstances favorable variations would tend to be preserved, and unfavorable ones to be destroyed. The result of this would be the formation of new species." (Darwin, 1898, page 68)

Henry Walter Bates, (1825-1892)

Wallace's Line.

"On the law Which Has Regulated the Introduction of New Species."

"...evidently do not increase regularly every year, as otherwise the world would long ago have been densely crowded with those that breed most quickly. Vaguely thinking over the enormous and constant destruction which this implied, it occurred to me to ask the question, Why do some die and some live? And the answer was clearly, that on the whole the best fitted live... it suddenly flashed upon me that this self-acting process would necessarily improve the race, because in every generation the inferior would inevitably be killed off and the superior would remain - that is the fittest would survive." (Wallace, 1905)

The theory of natural selection

Observation 1 - Organisms reproduce in a geometric ratio (Author's note: Actually Malthus was wrong; reproduction is exponential, not geometric)

Observation 2 - The numbers of any given species tend to remain more or less constant through time.

Observation 3 - All living things vary.

Deduction 1 - There is a universal struggle for survival. More organisms of each kind are born than can possibly obtain food and survive.

Deduction 2 - Individuals with some kind of advantage have the best chance of surviving and reproducing their own kind.

"When I view all beings not as special creations, but as the lineal descendants of some few beings which lived long before the first bed of the Cambrian system was deposited, they seem to me to become ennobled. Judging from the past, we may safely infer that not one living species will transmit its unaltered likeness to some distant futurity. And of the species now living very few will transmit progeny of any kind to a far distant futurity; for in the manner in which all organic beings are grouped, shows that the greatest number of species in each genus, and all the species in many genera, have left no descendants, but have become utterly extinct... As all the living forms of life are the lineal descendants which lived long before the Cambrian Epoch, we may feel certain that the ordinary succession by generation has never once been broken, that no cataclysm has desolated the whole world. Hence we may look with some confidence to a secure future of some great length...

It is interesting to contemplate a tangled bank, clothed with many plants of many kinds, with birds singing on the bushes, with various insects flitting about, with worms crawling through the damp earth, and to reflect that these elaborately constructed forms, so different from each other, and dependent upon each other in so complex a manner, have all been produced by laws acting around us... Thus, from the war of nature, from famine and death, the most exalted object which we are capable of conceiving, namely, the production of higher animals, directly follows.

There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed by the Creator into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being evolved." (Darwin, 1859)

monogenic,

polygenic

Anthropological Society of Paris, was founded in 1859 by a French surgeon, Paul Broca (1824-1880

Thomas Henry Huxley's Man's Place in Nature (1863)

Karl Pearson (1857-1936),

Frank Russell (1868-1903)

Ales Hrdlicka (1860-1943),

American Journal of Physical Anthropology

American Association of Physical Anthropologists

Earnest A. Hooton (1887-1954)

Wolfgang Köhler (1887-1967),

The Mentality of Apes (Köhler, 1927),

Pasteur Institute

the Institute for the Study of Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics at Sukhumi

Robert M. Yerkes,

Laboratory of Primate Biology at Orange Park, Florida

Clarence Ray Carpenter,

Barro Colorado Island

Le Gros Clark [1895-1971],

total morphological pattern

Sir Solly Zuckerman - The Social Life of Monkeys and Apes (1932),

"Guide to the Identification of Human Skeletal material", - by W.M. Krogman

S.L. Washburn,-, "The New Physical Anthropology" (1951)

Mating Seasons

Reproductive Physiology

androgen

estrogens

sexual skin

birth season.

endocrine

hypothalamus

gonadotropic releasing hormones, GnRH.

anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis),

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

luteinizing hormone (LH).

ovary,

estrus

primordial follicles

ovum.

Graafian follicle,

corpus luteum,

progesterone.

conception

implantation

chorionic somatomammotropin (CS)

chorionic gonadotrophin (CG).

testes,

spermatocytes

spermatogonia.

Leydig cells

interstitial cell stimulating hormone, ICSH

testosterone

zygotes

Ontogeny

Fertilization,

conceptus

blastocyst.

endometrium

Cells

prokaryotes

eukaryotes.

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

organelles

Nucleus

Ribosomes

Mitochondria

Microbodies

Golgi apparatus

Lysosomes

Vacuoles

Chromosomes

mitochondria

nucleic acids

karyotype

mitosis

meiosis,

diploidy.

haploidy.

Genetic recombination,

independent assortment

crossing-over.

Down's syndrome

Trisomy 21

amniocentesis,

miscarriage

phenotype.

genotype.

Mendelian gene

Gregor Mendel [1822-1884],

recessive

Punnett square,

principle of segregation

principle of independent assortment

Mendelian characteristic.

alleles,

polymorphic gene

Homozygous

heterozygous

Castle-Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

ABO BLOOD GROUPS

antigens,

antibodies

Blood groups

agglutination

universal donor.

universal recipient

Genetic Polymorphisms

hemolytic disease

hemoglobin

sickle cell anemia, HbSHbS.

globin chains,

thalassemia.

glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD),

human leukocyte antigens, HLA.

histocompatibility

lactase,

lactose (milk sugar

Gene Interaction

epistasis.

pleiotropy.

Linkage

Hemophilia

NON-MENDELIAN TRAITS

quantitative inheritance

polygenic inheritance.

NUCLEIC ACIDS AND THE GENETIC CODE

deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA

nucleotides.

adenine,

guanine,

cytosine,

thymine, and

uracil

polynucleotide.

ribonucleic acid (RNA),

A only pairs with T (A:T or T:A)

C only pairs with G (C:G or G:C).

messenger RNA (mRNA),

ribosomal RNA (rRNA),

transfer RNA (tRNA).

Ribosomes

amino acids,

proteins

codon,

cistron

structural gene

regulatory genes

interons.

CHNOPS compounds;

organic molecules

vitalism v.s. mechanism,

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Amino Acids

RNA polymerase

transcription,

intervening sequences (IVSs)

anticodon

epigenetic

Centrioles

endosymbiots,

reverse transcriptase

Synthetic Theory of Evolution

Selection

Mutation

Genetic Drift

Isolation and Gene Flow

fecundity

fertility

Fitness

success

extant;

extinct.

Polymorphism

emboli

balanced polymorphism

(Plasmodium malariae, P. ovale, and P. vivax)

Duffy system (Fy4),

glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD)

hemolytic anemia

Plasmodium falciparum

Stabilizing selection

attenuated

coevolution.

Mutation

Genetic drift, also called the Sewall Wright effect,

founder effect.

assortative mating,

heterogamy.

homogamy

punctuated equilibrium.

Adaptation,

niche

specialist

generalist

adaptive suite.

total morphological pattern,

speciation.

allopatric speciation

sympatric speciation,

adaptive radiation

competitive exclusion,

species

populations,

Classification

taxonomy,

Systematics

KINGDOM - Animalia

PHYLUM - Chordata

SUBPHYLUM - Vertebrata

CLASS - Mammalia

ORDER - Primates

SUBORDER - Anthropoidea

FAMILY - Hominidae

GENUS - Homo

SPECIES - Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758

homologous

analogous

diversity

disparity

anagenesis,

cladogenesis.

phenetics,

Cladistics

primitive;

derived

synapomorphies.

Dollo's law:

Parallel evolution

Convergence

clines,

Bergman's rule

Allen's rule

Mendelian population

types,

microevolution.

Ashley Montagu

ethnic group,

deme,

breeding population,

Mendelian population,

cline,

pariah group,

physical growth,

maturation,

ossification.

diaphysis

epiphyses,

epiphyseal plate.

sutures

Puberty

Menarche

Undernourishment

Malnutrition

Protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM)

marasmus

Kwashiorkor

secular trend.

infectious disease,

Altitude Stress

gigantism

acromegaly.

cretinism,

Senescence

adaptation

Plasticity

Temperature Extremes

Solar Radiation

Altitude

Undernutrition

B cells

T cells,

Ecology

Population Growth

Intrinsic Rate of Natural Increase (also called the Malthusian parameter

basic reproductive rate

Carrying Capacity

What happens when a

r-selected

K-selected.

." "Commons"

typhus (Rickettsia prowazekii),

Pandemics

Measles (rubeola)

Plague - Pasteurella pestis.

Malaria - Plasmodium

Anopheles.

Yellow fever

Trypanosomidae,

AIDS

retrovirus,

T-cell leukemia

AIDS-related complex (ARC),

Ebola

RADIATION

RADIOSENSITIVITY OF SPECIALIZED TISSUES

(Taken from S.L. Robbins, Pathologic Basis of Disease, 1974)

HIGH SENSITIVITY

lymphoid tissue

hematopoietic cells (marrow - source of blood cells)

germ cells (cells capable of developing into organs)

intestinal epithelium

ovarian follicular cells

growing tumors

lymphoma tissue

carcinoma tissue

FAIRLY HIGH SENSITIVITY

epidermal epithelium

adenexal structures (hair follicles, subaceous glands)

oropharyngeal stratified epithelium

urinary bladder epithelium

esophageal epithelium

gastric gland epithelium

uteral epithelium

MEDIUM RADIO-SENSITIVITY

connective tissue

glia (supporting structure of nerves)

endothelium

growing cartilage or bone

FAIRLY LOW SENSITIVITY

mature cartilage or bone cells

mucous or serous gland epithelium

pulmonary epithelium

renal epithelium

hepatic epithelium

pancreatic epithelium

pituitary epithelium

thyroid epithelium

adrenal epithelium

nasopharyngeal nonstratified epithelium

LOW SENSITIVITY

muscle cells

ganglion cells

Primate anatomy

Human skeletal and dental anatomy

Dental elements

Skeletal elements

Skull

Vertebral column

Thorax

Pectoral girdle

Arm

Hand

Pelvic girdle

Leg

Foot

Skeletal maturation

Locomotor anatomy

Primate vision

Forensic Anthropology

Estimating the Age of the Individual

Estimating the Gender of the Individual

Estimating the Race of the Individual

Discriminant Functions

Estimation of Stature

Dental formula

sectorial premolar

Skull

cranium

endocranial volume -

calvarium

M. temporalis

fossa temporalis

coronoid process

temporal lines

Endocranial Volume (in cm3)

[From Aiello and Dean 1990, Pp. 193]

Species 95% Limits Mean

Lower Upper

Human 1,159 1,1243 1,201

Chimpanzee 391 409 400

Gorilla 452 486 469

Orang 385 409 397

foramen magnum

Vertebral Column

Thorax

Pectoral Girdle

The shoulder is form

Arm

Hand

The hand

Pelvic Girdle

Sexual Dimorphism in the Primate Pelvis

Leg

Foot

Skeletal Maturation

diaphysis,

epiphyses,

Locomotor Anatomy

1. Short limbs with leg and arm comparable - quadrupedal and arboreal

2. Long limbs with leg and arm of equal length - quadrupedal and terrestrial

3. Very long limbs with leg and arm of comparable length - quadrupedal and arboreal with an emphasis on quadrupedal climbing and suspension

4. Arm longer than leg - brachiation and arboreal

Brachiation (arm swinging)

5. Arm longer than leg - quadrupedal knuckle-walking and fist walking

6. Leg longer than arm - leaping and arboreal

7. Leg longer than arm - bipedalism

obligate bipedalism

facultative bipedalism

8. Climbing by nails

Primate Vision

diurnal

Nocturnal

FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY

Oliver Wendell Holmes, Dean of Harvard Medical College,

Estimating the Age of the Individual

Estimating the Gender of the Individual

Since the heads of the humerus and femur reflect body size, < 41 mm = female ; > 45 mm = male

Discriminant Functions

Estimation of Stature of the individual

Primates as an Adaptive Array

Primates

Strepsirhini

Haplorhini

Prosimii

Chiromyiformes

Daubentoniidae

Lemuriformes

Lemuroidea

Indriidae

Lemuridae

Lorisoidea

Lorisinae

Tarsiiformes

Tarsiidae

Anthropoidea

Platyrrhini

Ceboidea

Cebidae

Callithricidae

Catarrhini

Cercopithecoidea

Cercopithecidae

Colobidae

Hominoidea

Hylobatidae

Pongidae

Hominidae

the rhinarium

tapetum lucidum,

grooming digit.

dental comb

sublingula,

Haplorhini

metopic suture

symphyseal suture

noyau social system.

gummivory.

sexually dichromatic,

folivores,

New World semibrachiation.

bilophodont molar teeth,

ischial callosity,

cheek pouches,

sacculated stomachs

Sociobiology,

Altruism,

Fitness

inclusive fitness,

Roles

status hierarchies.

Primate Socioecology

home range

core area,

Territoriality